Genetics

Landraces

• Brazilian Cannabis Landraces – Manga Rosa and the African Root

  Brazil's cannabis came in via the African slave trade as fumo de Angola; the vocabulary is Kimbundu. Origin, character and the lines from Manga Rosa to Santa Maria, sourced.

• Colombian Cannabis Landraces – Santa Marta Gold, Punto Rojo and the Special Case

  Colombia's sativas reached the country via the Caribbean through Panama in the early 20th century and became world-famous only in the US boom of the 1970s. Origin, character and the lines from Colombian Gold to Corinto, sourced.

• How Cannabis Reached the New World – the Four Introduction Routes

  Cannabis is not native to the Americas. Iberian fibre hemp, the African slave trade and Indian indentured labour carried the plant across the Atlantic; Colombia joined via a fourth, later route. The four routes in detail, sourced.

• Latin American and Caribbean Cannabis Landraces – Origin and Genealogy

  Where the Latin American and Caribbean cannabis landraces really come from: domestication in East Asia, the four transatlantic introduction routes, and why Acapulco Gold, Santa Marta Gold, Punto Rojo and others are 20th-century regional selections on introduced stock.

• Maconha, Diamba and the Origin of the Word Marijuana – the African Root

  The Brazilian cannabis vocabulary is Kimbundu. Where maconha, diamba and riamba come from, why smoking itself is an African innovation, and what the derivation of the word marijuana involves – sourced.

• Mexican Cannabis Landraces – Acapulco Gold, Oaxacan and the Pacific Axis

  Mexican landraces root in Spanish fibre hemp from 1530 and internal selection along the Pacific axis. Origin, character and the well-known lines from Acapulco Gold to Oaxaca Highland, sourced.

Strains and Lines

• Caribbean Dream (ATAO Genetics) – St Vincent x Jamaican Lambsbread

  Caribbean Dream is a documented sativa-x-sativa preservation cross by Roms (ATAO Genetics) from a St. Vincent sativa and Jamaican Lambsbread. Breeding history, background and a strain description covering growth, aroma and effect.

• Jamaican Lambsbread – Origin, Name and the Strain Myth

  What Lambsbread really is: a Rastafari sacrament term, not a documented strain pedigree. The origin of Jamaican ganja, the Skunk#1 claim and the modern preservation line – fact-based and evidence-classed.

• Original Haze – Origin, History and Genetics of a Legendary Sativa

  The documented history of Original Haze: its Californian origin, the disputed four-country recipe, its rescue from near-extinction, and the living preservation lines today – fact-based and sourced.

• The US Genetics Hype: How Little Documented Genetics Really Sits Behind Runtz, Gelato and Co.

  Trace the US exotic hype to its root and the documented genetics turn out small and old: one cross from the 1970s, one real landrace - and two genetic black boxes.

Breeding and Selection

• Backcrossing in Cannabis Breeding – Recurrent Parent, Linkage Drag and the Limits of the Method

  What a backcross recovers on paper, which two conditions are missing from most short accounts, and why the genome structure of cannabis leaves a larger donor segment behind than the arithmetic suggests.

• Homozygous Parent Lines in Cannabis – Sib-Mating, Selfing and the Cost of Inbreeding

  True-breeding parent lines in a dioecious species arise either through sib-mating or through chemically induced selfing, and the two routes differ in speed, in lethal load and in which traits they fix along the way.

• Male Selection in Cannabis – Recognising a Good Breeding Male

  How to recognise a good breeding male: stem rub aroma, vigour and structure, resin, flower traits, the right timing and the taste test – hedged and sourced.

• Segregation in F1, F2 and F3 – Trait Combinations in Early Breeding Generations

  Why a first filial generation is only uniform when both parents are true-breeding, why the familiar three-to-one ratio applies to a single trait, and what selfing and backcrossing actually do to a breeding line.

• Stress Testing and Stability Selection in Cannabis – Culling Hermaphrodites on Purpose

  How deliberate stress makes unstable plants visible, how to test males and females, stabilise hermaphrodite-prone lines over a few generations and build selection pressure despite little seed – hedged and sourced.

Sex and Inheritance

• Ethylene in Cannabis – the Hormone Behind Sex, Stress and Feminized Seeds

  Ethylene is the central feminizing cue of the cannabis plant and at the same time its wound hormone. How it steers sex, why stress pushes toward female, and how STS and Ethephon act on it – hedged and sourced.

• Feminized Seeds in Cannabis – Genetics, Production and Limits

  Feminized seeds arise when a female cannabis plant is made to form male flowers with silver thiosulfate and its pollen fertilizes female flowers; how much usable pollen results depends on dose, timing and cultivar.

• Parental Inheritance in Cannabis: What Comes From Which Parent?

  Does the aroma come from the mother plant? The short answer first, then step by step the genetics behind it: nuclear genes from both parents, sex from the father, cytoplasm from the mother.

• Sex Determination in Cannabis – XY System, Sexual Plasticity and Early Sexing

  How cannabis sets its sex through XY chromosomes, why the visible flower type can still switch, and how the sex can be determined at the seedling stage by PCR – hedged and sourced.

Mutations

• Cannabis Fern-Leaf Mutation – The Full Lineage of All Fern-Leaf Strains

  The commercially stabilised fern-leaf strains on the market trace back to the Freakshow/Berryfreak cross (central California, ~2017). Origin, the open dispute over its parents, and every market line – fact-based and sourced.

Seeds and Germination

• Anatomy of the Cannabis Seed – Achene, Embryo and Storage Reserves

  What is sold as a cannabis seed is botanically a fruit, and its structure explains why the hull has a say in whether it germinates.

• Drying Seed – Target Value, Duration and Control

  How dry seed gets is set by the humidity of the room, when it has got there is shown by weighing it over several days, and the method stays the same whether the seed then goes into the fridge, the freezer or a sealed jar in the cupboard.

• Harvesting, Cleaning and Storing Seed – the sequence in six steps

  Six working steps lead from the ripe plant to the freezer, and each ends at a condition you can see or weigh.

• Improving Cannabis Seed Germination – What Is Measured and What Is Not

  Temperature, germination medium and hull decide how a weak seed lot emerges, while the best-known additive lowers the germination rate.

• Seed Storage Containers – seven materials and what they hold

  Whether a container keeps seed dry is decided by the material of its wall, and between metal and polyethylene lie orders of magnitude.